至今日,积累了世界上最大系列的肝癌切除病例。1971年在当
时的“三年战胜癌症”的号召下,汤钊猷教授[38]应用甲胎蛋白的早期肝癌诊断
,提出“量体裁衣”式的肝切除,使肝癌外科治疗有了突破,并发展成为我国乃至
亚洲的肝癌外科治疗模式。
肝脏的止血问题解决后,肝脏手术就像是解剖在临床上的演绎,很多年来手术
技术上的改变不是很大,直至肝外科医生们注意到了肝脏的尾状叶。由于解剖位置
关系,肝尾状叶肿瘤切除术一直仍然是肝外科的“禁区”。以往曾经施行的肝尾状
叶切除多是连同肝左叶、肝右叶或肝门部胆管的附加性手术,所以尚未有定型的单
独的肝尾状叶切除术(isolated hepatic caudate labectomy)。例如Elias[39]
的212例肝脏恶性肿瘤切除术中,只有1例为单独的尾状叶切除。其实,尾状叶的良
性及恶性肿瘤并不太罕见。
Yammamoto[40](1992)报告1例尾状叶肿瘤通过分离左、右肝交界的前径路(
anterior approach)法切除;随后,Yamamoto[41]报告5例单独尾状叶切除术,
4例为肝细胞癌,1例结肠癌转移,术后皆生存4年以上,手术方法是采用分开肝正
中裂的前径路,手术时将右肝游离,切断下腔静脉前之肝短静脉,分离出肝右静脉
;再游离肝左外叶,切断静脉韧带与肝左静脉的连接,将尾状叶从下腔静脉分离,
分离出肝左及肝中静脉,并绕以阻断带。在阻断肝门下,通过肝中静脉的左方断肝
,将腔静脉旁(paracaval)部分的尾状叶从肝门板分开,切断尾状叶之门脉分支直
至肝中静脉后方,再从右侧分离尾状突与肝脏的附着而切除整个尾状叶肿瘤。Yam
amoto认为前经路单独肝尾叶切除术虽然并不是那么常用,但在有肝硬化时仍然可
以考虑作为一治愈性的手术。国内彭淑牖用前径路切除6例尾状叶肿瘤。Colona[
42](1993)用左侧途径切除2例肝转移和1例结节样增生;Lerut用后径路(posteri
or approach)切除1例尾状叶肿瘤但不很成功,因出血需用纱布填塞。黄志强[43
]采用左-右-左联合径路(left-right-left combined approach)切除3例原发尾状
叶肿瘤。Bartlett[44]和其同事报告4例单独尾状叶切除是通过前径路和两侧径
路实施,论文中作者之一Blumgart亦认识到由两侧径路按照肝叶切除术的原则切除
尾状叶是可行的而不必需经过肝实质。事实已经证明单独的尾状叶切除已再不是肝
外科的“禁区”[45],不过,亦有作者提出单独尾状叶切除在治疗原发性肝癌上
是否合理。Nagasue[46]报告6例原发于尾状叶肝癌单独尾叶切除术的远期效果,
确定其疗效不逊于其他部位的原发性肝癌切除。因此,单独尾状叶切除治疗尾叶的
原发性和继发性肿瘤是可行的而且是合理的,特别是当合并有肝硬化时。
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